A Clinicopathological Study Of Prostate Specimens And Its Correlation With Prostate Specific Antigen Levels

Background: Prostate is fibromusculoglandular organ encircling the neck of the urinary bladder, Benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate carcinoma and prostatitis are three pathologic processes which frequently affect the prostate gland. Prostatic enlargement causes urinary symptoms of static (hesitancy, retention) and dynamic (urgency, dribbling) nature. PSA is a glycoprotein which is expressed by both normal and neoplastic prostate tissue. PSA is used widely as a screening tool for carcinoma prostate. Gleason's microscopic grading is a paramount feature and with PSA are important for diagnosis, management, and prognosis of carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to frame evidence based PSA levels for various prostatic lesions. This prospective study was done on total 50 samples. The samples taken were bothMethod: transurethral resection of prostate and prostatic biopsies. All were grossed, sectioned, stained using H & E, viewed under microscope and graded by Gleason's scoring. Total 50 samples were studied, out of which 46 were benign and 4Result: malignant. Mean age of the cases was 63.13 years. 8% patients had PSA values more than 20 ng/ml. PSA isConclusion: specific for prostate and is one of the best screening tools available for early detection of prostate cancer as it is a well accepted, simple, safe and cost effective method. The early diagnosis of clinically significant cancer obtained by evaluation of PSA levels helps in immediate and effective treatment

Optimization of cellulolytic enzyme production by thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus using response surface methodology

In the present study, thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus, a local isolate, was used for production of cellulolytic enzymes using rice straw (RS) as substrate under submerged fermentation using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Themophilic fungus T. aurantiacus grew very well at 50-55°C temperature. BBD was used to study the influence of process parameters, pH (4-6), temperature (40-60°C) and substrate concentration (2-8 g/L) and their interactive effect on cellulase enzyme production. The R2 value 0.94 for Filter paper activity and 0.95 for carboxymethyl cellulase activity indicate that the model is appropriate and replicated to predict the effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration on both enzyme activities. Under optimized conditions, 6.1 (U/gds) FPase activity and 28.2 (U/gds) CMCase activity was observed.

Evaluation Of Hepatoprotective Activity Of Hydroethanolic Extract Of Whole Plant Of Clematis Buchananiana Dc Against Paracetamol Induced Liver Injury In Wistar Albino Rats.

Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of hydroethanolic extract of whole plant of Clematis buchananiana against Paracetamol–induced liver injury in wistar albino rats. Belong to family Ranuculaceae. The degree of protection was measured by estimation of serum biochemical parameters, histopathology study. Method: The albino wistar rats (120–180gm) were divided into 6 group 5 animals in each, Group I: Received distilled water (5ml/kg. p.o) once daily, and served as normal control. Group II: Received paracetamol suspension (640 mg/kg suspended in 1% methyl cellulose; orally as toxin control. Group III: Received standard drug Silymarin (25 mg/kg. p.o.) +paracetamol suspension (640 mg/kg suspended in 1% methyl cellulose; orallyonce daily Group IV, V, VI administered HEECB at different doses300, 400, 500 mg/kg orally + paracetamol suspension (640 mg/kg suspended in 1% methyl cellulose; for 21 days.And collect blood from experimental animals by retrorbital puncture for estimation of biochemical parameters and other parameter also evaluate likephysical histological changes in livers of rats. Results: Experimental finding reveal that Paracetamolproduce significant change in physical (increase liver weight) biochemical (increase alkaline phosphate, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyuruvic transaminase, total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and decrease the level of total protein and albumin) histological (damage to hepatocyte) and in liver parameters. Pretreatment with extract significantly minimization ofphysical, biochemical, histological and functional change induced by Paracetamolin liver. Conclusion: Experimental data and analysis of different parameter declare that hydroethanolic extract of Clematis buchananiana could be a useful hepatoprotective agent and it has significant hepatoprotection potential it is possible due to their active constituent alkaloids. However further study still needed to be causes on exposure of extract to human beings.

Impact of Quality Improvement Program on Expressed Breastmilk Usage in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Objective: To improve the usage of expressed breast milk invery low birth weight infants admitted in the neonatal intensivecare unit of a tertiary centre in India.Methods: Between April 2015 and August 2016, various Plan-do-act-study cycles were conducted to test change ideas likeantenatal counselling including help of brochure and video, post-natal telephonic reminders within 4-6 hours of birth,standardization of Kangaroo mother care, and non-nutritivesucking protocol. Data was analyzed using statistical processcontrol charts.Results: 156 very low birth weight infants were deliveredduring the study period, of which 31 were excluded due tovarious reasons. Within 6 months of implementation, theproportion of very low birth weight infants who receivedexpressed breast milk within 48 hours improved to 100% from38.7% and this was sustained at 100% for next 8 months. Themean time of availability and volume of expressed breast milkwithin 48 hours, improved gradually from 73.3 h to 20.9 h and 4.7mL to 15.8 mL, respectively. The mean proportion of expressedbreast milk once infant reached a feed volume of 100 mL/kg/dayalso improved from 61.3% to 82.3%.Conclusion: Quality improvement interventions showedpromising results of increased expressed breast milk usage invery low birth weight infants.

Studies on new substituted pyridazinones: synthesis and biological evaluation

We report herein the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new series of 6-aryl-2-(imidazol-1-yl/1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-methyl-4,5-dihydro-(2H)-pyridazin-3-one (3a-j) as potential anticonvulsant and antitubercular agents. The title compounds were prepared by reacting 6-aryl-4,5-dihydro-(2H)-pyridazin-3-one (2a-e) with formaldehyde and secondary cyclic amine imidazole or 1,2,4-triazole as per Mannich reaction. Anticonvulsant activity of pyridazinone derivatives was tested at 50 mg.kg-1 dose level against maximal electroshock (MES), isoniazid (INH, 250 mg.kg-1) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ at 80 mg.kg-1) induced seizure methods. Phenytoin sodium (25 mg.kg-1) and sodium valproate (100 mg.kg-1) were used as reference drugs for comparison purpose. In-vitro antitubercular activity was tested by Microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA) method and the results were compared with clinically used antitubercular agents such as INH, Pyrazinamide (PZA) and Streptomycin (STM). None of the screened compounds were found to be neurotoxic at a dose level of 100 mg.kg-1. All the screened compounds (3a-j) significantly reduced the MES, INH and PTZ induced convulsions and thus showed good anticonvulsant activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the title compounds against M. tuberculosis ranged from 1.6 µg/mL to 6.25 µg/mL in comparison to INH, PZA (3.125 µg/mL) and STM (6.25 µg/mL) which indicated good antitubercular activity.

Incontinentia Pigmenti In A Male Newborn - A Rare Presentation.

Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) is an X-linked dominant disorder, frequently affecting females and lethal in males. Here, we report one case where a male developed vesicular eruptions along the blaschko lines on his back within few hours of birth, clinically diagnosed as a case of incontinentia pigmenti, confirmed later on with histopathological findings.

Dimensions of Nutritional Vulnerability: Assessment of Women and Children in Sahariya Tribal Community of Madhya Pradesh in India.

Background: Tribal communities are “at risk” of undernutrition due to geographical isolation and suboptimal utilization of health services. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of Sahariya tribes of Madhya Pradesh (MP), India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in villages inhabited by Sahariya tribal community (specifi cally women in reproductive age group and children under 5 years) in three districts of MP. Dietary surveys, anthropometric and biochemical assessments were carried out and descriptive statistics on the socio-economic and nutritional profi le were reported. Association between household (HH) food security and nutritional status of children was carried out using the logistic regression. Strength of effects were summarized by odd’s ratio. Results: Chronic energy defi ciency and anemia was observed in 42.4% and 90.1% of women respectively. Underweight, stunting and wasting among under fi ve children were 59.1%, 57.3% and 27.7% respectively. Low food security was found in 90% of HHs and the odds of children being underweight and stunted when belonging to HHs with low and very low food security was found to be signifi cant (P = 0.01 and 0.04 respectively). Calorie, fat, vitamin A, ribofl avin, vitamin C and folic acid intake among women was lower than recommended dietary allowance. Infant and young child feeding practices were suboptimal. Awareness on nutritional disorders and utilization of nutrition and health services was poor. Conclusion: A high prevalence of undernutrition and dietary defi ciency exists among Sahariyas. System strengthening, community empowerment and nutrition education may play a pivotal role in addressing this.

Salivary Cortisol Estimation to Assess Adrenal Status in Children with Fluid Unresponsive Septic Shock.

We evaluated the adrenal status by estimating baseline and ACTH stimulated salivary cortisol in 51 children with fluid unresponsive septic shock at 30 and 60 minutes, and basal salivary cortisol (9-11 am) in 79 healthy children. The baseline salivary cortisol (median,IQR) among patients (19.8, 7.2-42.4 nmol/L) was higher than healthy children (2.6, 1.3-7.6 nmol/L) (P=0.001). Non-survivors and those with catecholamine refractory shock had higher baseline cortisol level, though difference was statistically insignificant. Absolute adrenal insufficiency (baseline salivary cortisol <1.3nmol/L) was diagnosed in 8 (15.7%) patients. Relative adrenal insufficiency (rise in cortisol level above baseline value after stimulation <25nmol/L) was observed in 68.6% of all patients; 71.9% among non-survivors, and in 71.4% patients with catecholamine refractory shock. Salivary cortisol estimation appears to be feasible in children with septic shock. Relative adrenal insufficiency is common in these children.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of several 4-substituted-6-(3'-nitrophenyl)pyridazin-(2H)-3-one derivatives

Several 6-aryl-4-substituted benzylidene/furfurylidene pyridazin(2H)-3-one derivatives (4a-f) were synthesized and evaluated as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents in mice and rats, respectively. All compounds were tested by using Eddy's hot plate and the carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema method for the evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. Results showed that compounds 4f, 4b, 4d, and 4e exhibited higher analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities than other remaining compounds. All title compounds (4a-f) were characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy.

Diversos derivados benzilideno/furfurilideno piridazin(2H)-3-ona 6-aril-4-substituídos (4a-f) foram sintetizados e avaliados como analgésicos e anti-inflamatórios em camundongos e ratos, respectivamente. Todos os compostos foram testados utilizando-se o método de placa quente de Eddy e o de edema de pata induzido por carragenana para a avaliação das atividades analgésica e anti-inflamatória, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que os compostos 4f, 4b, 4d e 4e exibiram atividade analgésica e anti-inflamatória mais alta do que os compostos restantes. Todos os compostos (4a-f) foram caracterizados por IV, RMN e espectrometria de massas.

Synthesis and evaluation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose azo polymer for colon specificity.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is an excellent pharmaceutical excipient. It possesses good filmability, mucoadhesiv-ity, viscolising capacity and bindability. The current aim of our research work is to synthesize a novel colon targeting polymer by using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and glycine for colon targeting and to screen its colon specificity by in-vitro release model. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was subjected for synthesizing its derivative with glycine using azo linkage. The azo polymeric conjugate was evaluated for its color, solubility, Rf value, melting point, IR and 1HNMR spectral analysis. It was further subjected for evaluating its colon targeting property by in-vitro method using rat fecal matter. The research study revealed that the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose azo derivative showed promising colon specificity for a period of 120 minutes in a controlled manner along with modified solubility. So it can serve as a potential colon targeting polymer.

Antistress activity of ethanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus Willd roots in mice.

Ethanolic extract of the roots of A. racemosus improved the stress tolerance in chemical writhing test and swimming endurance test at all the doses as compared to stress control group. Restraint stress induced elevation of blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly lowered by pretreatment with extract. Moreover, stress induced variations in levels of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, protein and glutathione content in mouse brain were significantly ameliorated by pretreatment with extract. The extract attenuated the elevated weight of adrenal glands and increased the reduced weight of the spleen during stress. In conclusion, the results suggest antistress property of Asparagus racemosus in different model of stress.

High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation versus Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation in Preterm Neonates with Hyaline Membrane Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This randomized controlled study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) in preterm neonates with hyaline membrane disease requiring ventilation. The ventilation strategy in both the groups included achieving optimal lung recruitment and targeted blood gases. 49 patients received HFOV and 61 SIMV. The baseline characteristics were similar in both the groups. HFOV group demonstrated better early oxygenation, enabled reduction in oxygenation index (OI) within 24 h of ventilation (difference in mean OI at 1, 6, & 24 h of ventilation: P=0.004 in HFOV, and 0.271 in SIMV group). Duration of hospital stay was shorter in HFOV group (P=0.003). The complication rate and survival were similar in two groups.

Synthesis and evaluation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose azo polymer for colon specificity.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is an excellent pharmaceutical excipient. It possesses good filmability, mucoadhesiv-ity, viscolising capacity and bindability. The current aim of our research work is to synthesize a novel colon targeting polymer by using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and glycine for colon targeting and to screen its colon specificity by in-vitro release model. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was subjected for synthesizing its derivative with glycine using azo linkage. The azo polymeric conjugate was evaluated for its color, solubility, Rf value, melting point, IR and 1HNMR spectral analysis. It was further subjected for evaluating its colon targeting property by in-vitro method using rat fecal matter. The research study revealed that the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose azo derivative showed promising colon specificity for a period of 120 minutes in a controlled manner along with modified solubility. So it can serve as a potential colon targeting polymer.

Effects of municipal waste water irrigation on availability of heavy metals and morpho-physiological characteristics of Beta vulgaris L.

In the present study physiological, biochemical and growth characteristics of a leafy vegetable palak (Beta vulgaris L. var All green H1) grown in suburban areas irrigated by wastewater were compared with those irrigated by ground water. Continuous use of wastewater for irrigation led to the enrichment of micronutrients including heavy metals in the soil. Wastewater irrigation favorably affected the physiological, biochemical and growth characteristics of plants, but biomass and yield did not differ significantly between the sites. Uptake and translocation ratio of heavy metals were higher in plants grown at wastewater irrigated site. Mn showed maximum uptake followed by Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni Cr and Cd. Plants produced more secondary metabolites and antioxidants to tolerate against the negative impact of heavy metals at wastewater irrigated sites. Plants produced more metabolites to compensate the toxicity of metals in the area and thus did not enhance the yield and biomass potential. The study suggests that plants growing in wastewater irrigated area have potentially developed the defense strategy to combat against heavy metal toxicity.

Acid rain and its ecological consequences.

Acidification of rain-water is identified as one of the most serious environmental problems of transboundary nature. Acid rain is mainly a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids depending upon the relative quantities of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen emissions. Due to the interaction of these acids with other constituents of the atmosphere, protons are released causing increase in the soil acidity Lowering of soil pH mobilizes and leaches away nutrient cations and increases availability of toxic heavy metals. Such changes in the soil chemical characteristics reduce the soil fertility which ultimately causes the negative impact on growth and productivity of forest trees and crop plants. Acidification of water bodies causes large scale negative impact on aquatic organisms including fishes. Acidification has some indirect effects on human health also. Acid rain affects each and every components of ecosystem. Acid rain also damages man-made materials and structures. By reducing the emission of the precursors of acid rain and to some extent by liming, the problem of acidification of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem has been reduced during last two decades.